4 Mark - Charles XI

Bremen-Verden's existence as a Swedish-administered duchy was itself a product of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, which transferred the former ecclesiastical territories to the Swedish crown as hereditary fiefs. Charles XI, still a minor in 1668, ruled under a regency council following his father Charles X Gustav's death in 1660. Coinage issued in his name from these north German territories served the practical demands of a duchy that operated largely independently from Stockholm in monetary matters, drawing on local silver supplies and Hanseatic commercial networks rather than Swedish mint infrastructure.