4 Maravedis - Fernando VII Jubia mint, 3rd portrait

Fernando VII's restoration of absolute monarchy in 1823 — backed by French Bourbon troops known as the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" — triggered a complete reorganization of Spanish copper coinage. The Jubia mint, operating in Galicia near Ferrol, had been repurposed from an old nail factory in 1812 and never quite shed its industrial roughness. Coins from Jubia consistently show uneven planchet preparation compared to Madrid or Segovia output, a function of the facility's origins rather than carelessness.