4 Maravedis - Fernando VII Jubia mint, 2nd portrait

The Jubia mint, established in Galicia in 1789 using machinery imported from Britain, was something of an outlier in the Spanish minting system — mechanized well before most peninsular facilities and notorious for inconsistent quality in its copper issues. Fernando VII's post-Napoleonic copper coinage was itself politically charged: the king had returned from French captivity in 1814, abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812, and needed a functioning low-denomination coinage for a country economically gutted by six years of war. The "second portrait" designation distinguishes this type from the earlier bust used at Jubia, a distinction that matters considerably for completeness-focused collectors of this series.