4 Khumsiyyah - Gẖālib

The Kathiri Sultanate of Hadhramaut operated with considerable autonomy within the broader framework of British treaty arrangements in South Arabia, but its coinage remained largely independent of outside standardization well into the nineteenth century. The khumsiyyah denomination — a fifth — was a fractional unit tied to local trade rhythms in the Hadhramaut valley rather than to any imperial monetary system. Ghalib bin Muhsin Al-Kathiri, the sultan under whose name this piece was struck, ruled during a period of intensifying rivalry with the Qu'aiti clan that would eventually displace Kathiri dominance across much of the region.