4 Cruzados 'LB-IIII' - Filipe II

Filipe II of Portugal was Filipe III of Castile — the same monarch, two crowns, one treasury increasingly strained by Atlantic overextension. The 4 Cruzados denomination was a workhorse of Iberian trade finance during a period when Portuguese merchants were navigating the uncomfortable dual reality of Hapsburg rule and the ongoing Dutch assault on Estado da India. The "LB-IIII" designation reflects the Lisbon mint's mark alongside the denomination numeral, a combination that spans at least five documented die marriages in the Gomes reference series.

The 1621 terminus coincides exactly with Filipe II's death, making later pieces in this type among the last gold struck under the Iberian Union before his son continued the arrangement.