3 Stüber - Charles Theodor

Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria, held Jülich-Berg as a separate Rhine territory and found himself in an increasingly untenable position as French Revolutionary armies pushed eastward across the Rhine in the early 1790s. These small billon pieces were struck during the final years of effective Palatinate-Wittelsbach administration over the duchy — French forces occupied the left-bank Rhenish territories by 1794, effectively ending the coinage. The date range on this type is therefore not a production window so much as a hard stop imposed by military conquest.