25 Céntimos Collbató

Collbató is a small municipality in the Baix Llobregat, and like dozens of Catalan towns during the Civil War, it issued its own fractional paper currency after the Republican government's decree of September 1936 authorized local authorities to print emergency change. The national coinage had effectively vanished — hoarded, melted, or simply absent in rural areas — and markets could not function without small denominations.

Pere Calmell was a Barcelona commercial printer, not a specialized security printer, which is typical of the Catalan municipal issues cataloged in Turró's reference. The notes were functional objects, not designed to last.