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| 正面铭文 | TWENTY ACT OF JULY 17. 1861 ON DEMAND THE UNITED STATES Promise to pay Twenty Dollars to the Bearer 20 TWENTY DOLLARS UNITED STATES D SERIES 2. NO. 19012 PATENTED JUNE 30 1837 Washington, August 10th,, 1861 PAYABLE BY THE ASST. TREASURER OF THE U.S. AT PHILADA. For the Register of the Treasury. For the Treasurer of the United States. RECEIVABLE IN PAYMENT OF ALL PUBLIC DUES. AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. NEW YORK |
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| 背面铭文 | UNITED STATES TWENTY 20 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |
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The Demand Notes of 1861 were the first paper currency issued directly by the U.S. federal government — not a bank, not a state, but the Treasury itself, backed by nothing more than a promise to pay on demand at certain designated subtreasuries. Congress authorized them in July 1861 specifically to fund the sudden, catastrophic expense of the Civil War, and the government had no gold reserves sufficient to back conventional issue.
The "greenback" nickname attached to this series from the start, owing to the distinctive green ink used on the reverse — a deliberate anti-counterfeiting measure, since early photographic reproduction could not capture color differentiation. Demand Notes were initially accepted for customs duties, which gave them a critical edge over other wartime paper, but the series was retired early in 1862 when Legal Tender Notes took over. Surviving examples in any grade are genuinely scarce; the $20 denomination least common of the three face values issued.