20 Baiocchi - Gregorio XVI

Gregorio XVI's pontificate was defined by rigid opposition to liberalism and political modernization — he condemned railroads as "chemins d'enfer" (roads to hell, a pun on chemin de fer) and refused to build them in the Papal States, leaving the territory economically isolated from the industrializing peninsula around it. His monetary policy was equally conservative, maintaining silver fractional coinage long after neighboring Italian states had begun experimenting with reformed systems.

The extended date range of this issue reflects continuous production across more than a decade of an administratively static regime.