2 Maravedis - Fernando VII Jubia mint, 3rd portrait

Fernando VII's third portrait coinage came after the liberal Trienio Liberal government was crushed by French Bourbon intervention in 1823 — the so-called Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis — restoring absolute royal authority. The Jubia mint, established in Galicia in 1789 to exploit local copper deposits, struck these small-denomination pieces throughout the restored absolutist regime. Jubia's output was chronically inconsistent; the facility struggled with aging equipment and irregular metal supply, and dies from this period show considerable variation in depth and finish across the run.