2 Kharub - Mahmud I with 'duriba'

Mahmud I's reign over the Ottoman Empire coincided with a period of relative administrative loosening in the Regency of Tunis, where the Husainid beys exercised near-autonomous control over local coinage. The 'duriba' inscription variant distinguishes this from concurrent issues and is cataloged separately precisely because Tunisian mint practice in this period was inconsistent enough to produce meaningfully different die arrangements within short windows of production.

Billon coinage of the Husainid era circulated heavily in local markets and was frequently debased — the alloy in surviving examples varies noticeably, reflecting the Tunis mint's pragmatic approach to silver content during the 1730s.