2 Hryvni Oleksandr Lyapunov

Lyapunov spent much of his career in Kharkiv, then part of the Russian Empire, where he developed the mathematical stability theory that now bears his name. His 1892 doctoral dissertation, "The General Problem of the Stability of Motion," laid the groundwork for what became foundational to 20th-century control theory and dynamical systems — work largely ignored in the West until Soviet engineers applied it to aerospace problems decades later.

Ukraine's commemorative 2 hryvni series has consistently claimed figures with strong Kharkiv and Kyiv academic ties. Lyapunov died in Odessa in 1918, by suicide, one day after his wife's death.