2 Hryvni National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy

The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was founded in 1615 by Orthodox scholar and monk Petro Mohyla's predecessors — technically the Kyiv Brotherhood School — and reorganized by Mohyla himself in 1632 as a collegium modeled on Jesuit institutions. It operated as the premier center of Orthodox theological and humanistic learning in Eastern Europe for nearly two centuries before Catherine II downgraded it to a theological seminary in 1817, a deliberate act of imperial policy to suppress Ukrainian intellectual and ecclesiastical independence. The institution was fully suppressed in 1817 and not revived as a university until 1991, immediately following Ukrainian independence.