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2 Ducats - Christoph Bernhard of Galen
| Issuer | Bishopric of Münster |
|---|---|
| Year | 1661-1678 |
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| Shape | Round |
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| Obverse lettering | * CHRIST : BERN : D • G • EPIS • & PRINCEPS • MONAS |
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| Reverse lettering | AVE • MARIA - GRATIA • PLENA |
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| Additional information |
Christoph Bernhard von Galen — "Bombing Bernd" to his contemporaries — was one of the most militarily aggressive prince-bishops in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. He spent much of his tenure at war: against the Dutch Republic in the 1660s, briefly as an English ally, then switching sides entirely during the Franco-Dutch War of the 1670s. Gold coinage issued across this span functioned as much as diplomatic currency and troop payment as it did commercial tender.
His siege of Münster's own civic government in 1661 — the year this type begins — forced the city council into submission and consolidated episcopal authority over what had been a largely autonomous urban republic.