2 Dinar - Jalal ad-Din Mangubarni

Jalal ad-Din Mangubarni struck coinage under extraordinary duress. By 1223, the Khwarezmian Empire had effectively ceased to exist as a territorial state — Genghis Khan's campaigns of 1219–1221 had destroyed Samarkand, Bukhara, and Urgench, and Jalal ad-Din was ruling as a fugitive shah, reconstituting forces wherever he could find footing, primarily in northwestern Persia and the Caucasus region. Coinage was a declaration of legitimacy as much as a financial instrument.

That a gold issue of this weight was produced at all in 1223 is the notable fact. Mint attribution for Jalal ad-Din's issues remains contested among specialists, with Georgia and Azerbaijan both proposed as striking locations during his temporary consolidation there.