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| 正面描述 | 登录 以查看详情 |
|---|---|
| 正面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 正面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面描述 | Plain, largely uninscribed copper surface exhibiting the natural texture of the cast and cut flan. A single spiral or conch-shell punch mark is visible toward the left field, with a small dot punch to the upper right. The reverse surface is characteristically flat and uneven, typical of Mauryan punch-marked copper fractions, with no additional legend or formal design elements present. |
| 背面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 边缘 | Plain |
| 铸币厂 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸造量 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 附加信息 |
The Mauryan copper quarter karshapana occupied the lowest practical denomination in an empire that stretched from the Indus Valley to the edges of the Deccan. Punch-marked rather than die-struck in the conventional sense, these pieces were authenticated by a series of banker's marks added during circulation — each punch representing a merchant or money-changer's personal guarantee of metal quality. The accumulation of those marks across a single coin's lifetime can effectively document its commercial biography.