12 Xerafins - Maria I and Pedro III Goa mint

Maria I and Pedro III ruled jointly following her accession in 1777 — Pedro was her uncle and husband, a dynastic arrangement that ended only with his death in 1786, which effectively closes the window on this type. Goa's mint operated under chronic logistical strain throughout this period, dependent on bullion supplies that moved uncertainly between Lisbon and the Estado da India as Portuguese commercial dominance on the subcontinent continued its long contraction against British and Dutch pressure.

The xerafim denomination itself was a Portuguese adaptation of the local monetary system inherited from pre-conquest Goa, its name derived from the Arabic ashrafi.