12 Shillings - Charles I 3rd Coinage, 5th Issue

Charles I's Scottish coinage was administered through a separate mint at Edinburgh, operating under its own master and largely independent of the London operation. The 3rd Coinage represents a period when Charles was desperately negotiating with the Scottish Covenanters following the Bishops' Wars — conflicts triggered in large part by his catastrophic attempt to impose the English prayer book on Presbyterian Scotland in 1637. By 1641, when this issue was struck, he had already conceded most of his demands and was traveling to Edinburgh in a failed attempt to build a royalist faction before the English Civil War consumed him entirely.