11/2 Falus - Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Shah I

Nasir al-Din Mahmud Shah I ruled Gujarat at a moment of acute commercial pressure — the Portuguese were already probing the western Indian coast, and Gujarati merchants controlled some of the most lucrative textile and spice routes in the Indian Ocean world. The fractional falus denominations were workhorses of local bazaar trade, struck in copper to handle the small transactions that silver tankās could not efficiently serve. This piece dates to a sultanate that would, within a decade, be drawn into direct naval conflict with Lisbon.