1000 Dinar Gold pattern - Mozaffar al-Din Qajar

Mozaffar al-Din Shah's reign was defined by fiscal desperation. Facing an empty treasury and mounting debts — largely incurred through extravagant European tours — his government negotiated two ruinous loans from Russia in 1900 and 1902, surrendering significant customs revenue as collateral. Pattern coinage from this period often reflects failed or abandoned monetary reform attempts rather than coherent policy, produced speculatively by the Dar al-Zarb in Tehran or by foreign minting contractors hoping to secure official contracts.

The KM#Pn29 variety designation signals this piece differs in some detail from the primary pattern — likely die alignment, edge treatment, or a minor legend variation.