100 Dollars - Elizabeth II 4th Portrait - Kangaroo - Gold Bullion Coin

Australia's four-nines fine gold standard — .9999 purity — was a deliberate commercial decision by the Perth Mint to edge out competitors in the Asian bullion market during the 2000s, particularly targeting Japanese and Chinese institutional buyers who demanded higher fineness than the South African Krugerrand's .9167 or the American Eagle's .9167 could offer. The 2009 issue landed in the middle of a global scramble for physical gold as the financial crisis drove spot prices toward what was then a historic ceiling.

Perth, operating independently of the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra, holds a refining and assaying authority that traces directly to the Western Australian colonial government of 1899.