1 Xerafim - Filipe I Goa mint

Filipe I's accession to the Portuguese throne in 1580 — following the dynastic crisis triggered by Dom Sebastião's death at Alcácer Quibir and the brief reign of the Cardinal-King Henrique — brought the Iberian Union into force and placed Goa's mint under Habsburg authority without interrupting its operation for a single day. The xerafim, a denomination unique to Portuguese India, continued striking in Goa throughout this period as the primary silver currency for Estado da India commerce, valued at 300 réis against the metropolitan standard.