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1 Văn - Đại Định Private issue?

Issuer Empire of Vietnam
Year 1140-1162
Type Standard circulation coin
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Obverse script Chinese
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Reverse description Plain and featureless reverse, displaying only the central square hole surrounded by a flat, undecorated field. A raised outer rim borders the coin, consistent with standard Vietnamese cast cash coinage of the Lý dynasty period.
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Additional information

Đại Định was the reign title of Lý Anh Tông, who came to the throne as a child of three in 1138 under the regency of Đỗ Anh Vũ. Cash coins of this period circulated alongside a substantial volume of imported Chinese coinage, and the distinction between officially sanctioned imperial issues and privately cast pieces was rarely enforced with consistency under the Lý dynasty. Toda's classification of this piece as a private issue reflects recurring ambiguity in Vietnamese numismatics — the foundry practices and alloy controls that would distinguish state from informal production are simply not well documented for twelfth-century Đại Việt.

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