1 Uncia Wheel / Axe, struck

The wheel and axe types of struck Etruscan bronze fall into one of the murkiest attribution problems in Italian numismatics — no ancient source names the issuing city, and the archaeological distribution has not settled the question. What is clear is that this coinage belongs to the period when Etruscan political independence was collapsing under Roman pressure, with the final major Etruscan centers either absorbed or reduced to dependent allies following the Roman victories of the early third century BC. Whether this mint was producing for a surviving civic authority or a Roman-administered successor administration remains contested.