1 Turnose - Theodoric III

Theodoric III of Heinsberg issued this turnose in direct imitation of the French gros tournois, a coin type that had been spreading through the Low Countries and Rhineland lordships since Philip IV's monetary reforms of the late 13th century. The lords of Heinsberg were minor Rhenish dynasts with enough commercial ambition — and enough political autonomy — to mint their own silver in a recognized international type, lending their coinage credibility in regional markets without needing to invent a new monetary identity.

Menadier's attribution remains the primary scholarly anchor for this series. Heinsberg itself was absorbed into the Duchy of Jülich by 1396, ending the independent minting authority entirely.