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| 背面描述 | A cross pattée is displayed prominently in the central field, with splayed arms filling the design area, enclosed within a beaded or reeded inner circle. The arms of the cross are broad and flare outward toward the tips in the pattée form characteristic of medieval Italian civic coinage. The surrounding legend consists of the letters of PARME interspersed with pellets or stars, reading * * P * A * R * M * E *, identifying the issuing city of Parma. The overall strike is typical of hammered billon small denomination coinage of the early fourteenth century, showing some weakness and irregularity of flan. |
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| 铸造量 | ND (1322-1331) |
| 附加信息 |
Parma's torellino takes its name from the bull (*toro*) that served as the city's heraldic symbol, a civic identity the commune fiercely defended during the factional violence of the early Trecento. The years of issue bracket a period when Parma shifted between Ghibelline and Guelf domination, with the Rossi and Simonetta factions contesting control — meaning the authority behind any given striking may have changed hands mid-series without the coinage reflecting it.
CNI IX records at least four die variants across this type, suggesting continuous if irregular production rather than a single organized emission.