1 Testone - Clement XI QVIS PAVPER? AVARVS

Historical Context: This Testone, struck in Ferrara in 1717, belongs to the pontificate of Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani, 1700-1721). Clement XI’s papacy was marked by significant political and religious challenges, including the War of the Spanish Succession and persistent efforts to assert papal authority amidst a changing European landscape. Ferrara, a vital component of the Papal States, served as a key administrative and economic center, often issuing its own coinage under papal mandate. The coin's evocative legend, "QVIS PAVPER? AVARVS" (Who is poor? The avaricious man), reflects a moralizing tone characteristic of papal coinage, likely aimed at promoting Christian charity and condemning greed, aligning with Clement XI's pastoral and intellectual concerns.

Artistry: The artistic execution of this Testone exemplifies the late Baroque style prevalent in Italian coinage of the early 18th century. While a specific engraver for the Ferrara mint in 1717 is not universally documented, the work generally reflects the standards set by prominent Roman mint masters of the era. The obverse typically features a dignified, classicizing bust of Clement XI, often facing right, adorned with pontifical vestments and titles. The reverse design, central to the coin's message, depicts Charity standing, holding a child and giving alms to another. This allegorical representation visually reinforces the moralizing legend, urging generosity and compassion in a period often fraught with economic disparities.

Technical/Grading: Struck in .917 fine silver with a weight of 9.02 grams, this Testone exhibits the robust technical qualities expected of a major papal denomination. Key high-points for wear or strike weakness on the obverse typically include the highest curls of Clement XI's wig and the folds of his mozetta. On the reverse, the heads of the figures, particularly Charity's hair and the outstretched arm giving alms, along with the drapery folds, are often the first areas to show flattening. A well-struck example will present sharp details in the legend and date, good centering, and a full, crisp rendering of the allegorical scene, demonstrating the mint's proficiency.