1 Tanka - Ala al-Din Mahmud Shah I

Ala al-Din Mahmud Shah I ruled Malwa for over three decades, making his reign one of the longest of the Malwa Sultanate — a landlocked successor state that emerged from the fragmentation of the Delhi Sultanate in the early fifteenth century. His court at Mandu became a significant cultural center, and his prolonged conflicts with the Bahmani Sultanate and Gujarat shaped the political geography of central India for a generation. The billon composition reflects chronic silver shortages that plagued inland sultanates without direct access to maritime trade routes funneling bullion into coastal polities.