1 Tanga - João IV Chaul and Baçaim mint

João IV came to power in 1640 following the Portuguese Restoration War, which ended sixty years of Iberian Union under Spanish rule. The colonial mints at Chaul and Baçaim — both on the Konkan coast north of Goa — operated with considerable autonomy, and their output during his reign shows inconsistent die work that makes attribution between the two mints genuinely difficult without reference to specific die studies.

Portugal's grip on the Estado da India was tightening under sustained pressure from the Dutch VOC throughout the 1650s. Baçaim fell to the Marathas in 1739; almost nothing of its mint infrastructure survived.