1 Tanga - Filipe II Goa mint

Philip II of Portugal (Philip III of Spain) never set foot in India, yet coins struck in his name circulated across the Estado da India's trading network from Hormuz to Macau. The Goa mint operated under chronic silver shortages throughout this period, supplied almost entirely by Japanese and Chinese trade rather than Iberian bullion fleets. Gomes F2.22 corresponds to a specific emission within a reign spanning nearly two and a half decades, and attributing individual pieces to narrow date ranges within that window remains genuinely difficult without die study.