1 Solidus In the name of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, Cross with round ends

The Avar Khaganate produced imitative solidi not as a functioning monetary economy but as prestige objects and diplomatic currency — the Avars received enormous tribute payments from Byzantium in gold, and local copies likely circulated among the elite as markers of status and alliance rather than trade. This piece imitates types struck under Heraclius, whose reign saw the Byzantine treasury nearly bankrupted by both Avar and Sasanian pressure simultaneously.

The "cf." citations across all three references signal that no exact die match has been confirmed — placing this solidus in the broad imitative tradition without pinning it to a specific workshop or emission phase.