1 Scudo - Ranuccio Farnese II

Ranuccio II ruled Parma and Piacenza for nearly five decades, but his reign was defined less by effective governance than by paranoia and violence — most notoriously the 1612 "Farnese Conspiracy" trial, which preceded him, but his own court was marked by financial mismanagement and repeated conflicts with Rome over ecclesiastical revenues. The duchy's silver coinage during his long reign reflects chronic treasury pressure, with issues spread unevenly across nearly fifty years.

Davenport EC II 4125 places this scudo within a well-documented Farnese series, though die variations across such an extended production window are not uncommon.