1 Scudo d'Oro - Ludovico II

Ludovico II ruled Mirandola under a chronic threat of absorption — the tiny Po Valley duchy spent much of the sixteenth century navigating between the competing pressures of the Este, the Papacy, and the Empire. His gold scudo issues fall within the period when Mirandola briefly consolidated dynastic control before the Pico line's eventual extinction and papal annexation in 1710. The CNI IX attribution places this among a very small die pool, consistent with the duchy's limited output.