1 Rupee - Shah Jahan Surat mint

Shah Jahan's accession in 1628 followed a bitter succession struggle against his own father Jahangir, and the early rupees of his reign reflect the administrative consolidation that followed — Surat being among the most commercially critical mints in the empire, feeding silver from Gujarat's textile trade with the Portuguese and later the English East India Company directly into the coinage supply. The Surat mint's output was enormous by Mughal standards, and pieces struck there circulated as far as Persia and coastal East Africa.

KM#222.13 distinguishes the Surat attribution within the broader Shah Jahan rupee series by mint mark placement and calligraphic style — details that require a loupe to confirm definitively.