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1 Rupee and 8 Annas Calcutta; Hundi promissory note
| Uitgever | Private merchant / indigenous banker (Shroff) |
|---|---|
| Jaar | |
| Type | Log in om details te zien |
| Waarde | Log in om details te zien |
| Valuta | Log in om details te zien |
| Samenstelling | Log in om details te zien |
| Afmetingen | Log in om details te zien |
| Vorm | Log in om details te zien |
| Drukker | Log in om details te zien |
| Ontwerper(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| Graveur(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| In omloop tot | Yes |
| Referentie(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| Beschrijving voorzijde | Entirely handwritten hundi in Devanagari script in black ink on cream handmade paper, with manuscript text arranged in diagonal and horizontal lines across the full face. An embossed revenue stamp seal is present in the upper right quadrant, partially inked, showing a multi-bordered octagonal or circular device with internal inscriptions. |
|---|---|
| Opschrift voorzijde | देवनागरी लिपि में हस्तलिखित पाठ (Devanagari handwritten text throughout) |
| Beschrijving keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Handtekening(en) | Log in om details te zien |
| Beveiligingstype | Log in om details te zien |
| Beschrijving beveiliging | Log in om details te zien |
| Varianten | Log in om details te zien |
| Opmerkingen |
Hundi instruments like this occupied a parallel financial universe that colonial banking infrastructure never fully displaced. Indigenous shroffs and mahajans moved enormous sums across the subcontinent using these negotiable instruments, their enforceability resting entirely on reputation networks and the hawala chain of corresponding agents rather than any statutory guarantee. The British administration, perpetually uneasy about this autonomous credit system, nonetheless depended on it — the hundi market financed much of the inland cotton and opium trade that fed Calcutta's export economy.
The embossed revenue stamp is the colonial government's only fingerprint on this otherwise private document — mandatory under successive Indian Stamp Acts as a condition of legal enforceability, its denomination calibrated to the face value of the instrument.