1 Real - Fernando VII Guadalajara - Royalist Coinage

Guadalajara's royalist mint operated under siege conditions for much of this period, as insurgent forces under figures like Torres and El Amo controlled large swaths of Jalisco. The mint continued striking in the name of Fernando VII — then imprisoned by Napoleon at Valençay — not out of genuine loyalty so much as administrative necessity, maintaining the fiction of imperial continuity while the colony's actual authority fragmented around it.

KM#83.2 distinguishes this Guadalajara issue from contemporaneous royalist emergency coinages at Zacatecas and other provisional mints. Die quality varies considerably across the 1813–1815 run.