1 Real - Felipe II Cross type

Felipe II's Peruvian mint at Lima was authorized under the 1565 ordinances that restructured colonial coinage following chronic fraud at the Mexico City facility. The Lima casa had only begun striking silver in 1568, making this Cross type among the earliest products of that mint's operation. Assayer oversight was notoriously inconsistent in these first years — several Lima assayers of the 1570s were later investigated or removed for producing underweight cobs.

MB#7 places this squarely in the macuquina tradition: hand-cut planchets, variable shape, struck cold between dies. Die alignment and centering were entirely at the discretion of the striker.