1 Quinarius - Imitating Lucius Verus, 161-169, or Septimius Severus, 193-211

Barbarous imitations of Roman gold circulated widely among Germanic groups who lacked minting infrastructure but understood the political and commercial utility of Roman coin forms. Whether the prototype here is Lucius Verus or Septimius Severus remains unresolved — a span of possibilities covering roughly half a century of Roman originals, which itself suggests the imitators were working from worn or secondhand exemplars rather than freshly circulating coins. The weight at 3.13g sits close enough to Roman quinarius standards to suggest deliberate calibration, though whether that precision reflects trade pressure or local convention is unknown.