1 Quattrino - Clement VIII

Clement VIII spent much of his pontificate trying to reassert direct papal control over Bologna, which had long operated with considerable municipal autonomy under the Bentivoglio and subsequent legates. The quattrino was the workhorse of everyday Bolognese commerce — bread, small market transactions, alms — and the city's copper coinage was often struck under delegated authority from the papal legate rather than directly supervised from Rome, which explains the occasional inconsistencies in die workmanship seen across this type.