1 Quartarolo - Pietro Gradenigo

Pietro Gradenigo's doge­ship was defined by the catastrophic loss at Curzola in 1298 against Genoa and, more consequentially, the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio of 1297 — the constitutional closure that permanently restricted patrician status to a fixed hereditary elite. The quartarolo was the republic's lowest denomination in billon, a coin of daily street transactions rather than merchant ledgers, and examples from this reign circulated hard through a Venice simultaneously fighting a naval war and rewriting its own political order.