1 Quadrans

The heavy aes grave series of central Italy presents persistent attribution problems, and this quadrans is no exception — "uncertain city" is not a cataloger's evasion but an honest reflection of scholarship's limits. At 61.48g, this piece falls within the expected range for a pre-reform libral or sub-libral standard, before Rome's Second Punic War pressures drove systematic weight reductions across the Italian bronze series. The Sydenham and Thurlow-Vecchi references place it within a coherent typological group, but the issuing authority remains genuinely contested among specialists.