1 Pūl - Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan Type 2

Historical Context: This 1 Pūl copper coin, dated 1860, was issued by the Khoqand Khanate under Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan (Mallā Khan, 1858-1862). His reign was a period of intense internal political instability and growing external pressure from Russian expansion. Mallā Khan sought to consolidate power and restore order. The consistent production of base metal coinage like this piece was vital for daily commerce and served as a tangible assertion of the Khanate's sovereignty amidst its turbulent geopolitical landscape.

Artistry: The artistic execution of this 1 Pūl is characteristic of Central Asian Islamic numismatics, emphasizing aniconic, calligraphic design. The engraver is unknown, typical for the era. The coin features elegant Naskh or Thuluth script, invariably presenting the ruler's name, titles, the mint city of Khoqand, and the Hijri date (1277 AH). The "Type 2" distinction likely denotes minor variations in legend arrangement or specific calligraphic details, differentiating it from other issues of the same denomination and ruler.

Technical/Grading: As a hand-struck copper issue, this 1 Pūl frequently exhibits variable technical qualities. High-points for wear are typically the most raised elements of the Arabic calligraphy. Planchets are often irregular, and strikes can be off-center, weak in areas, or double-struck, reflecting the manual production process. Original mint luster is scarce; most examples display a natural patina. The specified weight of 3.6 grams is crucial for assessing condition, wear, and potential clipping.