Muhammad 'Ali Khan — known as Madali Khan — ruled Khoqand at its territorial peak, pushing the khanate's borders deep into Kazakh steppe territory and briefly threatening Russian commercial interests along the Syr Darya. His reign ended when Bukharan Emir Nasrullah Khan invaded in 1842, captured him, and had him executed along with much of his court.
Bronze pūls of this period circulated in a monetarily fragmented Central Asian economy where Russian silver increasingly competed with local copper for everyday transactions. The long emission window across nearly two decades means die wear and striking inconsistency are the rule, not the exception.
Muhammad 'Ali Khan — known as Madali Khan — ruled Khoqand at its territorial peak, pushing the khanate's borders deep into Kazakh steppe territory and briefly threatening Russian commercial interests along the Syr Darya. His reign ended when Bukharan Emir Nasrullah Khan invaded in 1842, captured him, and had him executed along with much of his court.
Bronze pūls of this period circulated in a monetarily fragmented Central Asian economy where Russian silver increasingly competed with local copper for everyday transactions. The long emission window across nearly two decades means die wear and striking inconsistency are the rule, not the exception.