1 Pfennig - Louis I

Louis I of Bavaria — "the Kelheimer" — consolidated Wittelsbach rule over the duchy following his father Otto I's acquisition of Bavaria in 1180, when Frederick Barbarossa stripped the Welfs of their holdings. These bracteate-style pfennigs circulated during a period when Bavarian coinage was fragmented across dozens of ecclesiastical and secular mints, each operating with minimal central oversight. The Regensburg regional attribution in the Emmerig catalog places this piece within a tight geographic cluster of issues difficult to assign with certainty to a single authority.