1 Pfennig - Heinrich von Galen and Wilhelm von Brandenburg Riga

Historical Context: This 1 Pfennig, issued 1551-1556, reflects Livonia's complex political landscape. Struck under Heinrich von Galen, Master of the Livonian Order, and Wilhelm von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Riga, it precedes the devastating Livonian War (1558-1583). This era was marked by immense religious and geopolitical upheaval in the Baltic. The coin underscores the declining power of the Livonian Confederation, facing external pressures and internal conflicts from the Reformation. Its issuance highlights the necessity of small denomination coinage amidst regional instability.

Artistry: Given its diminutive size (13 mm) and low denomination, artistic execution is modest, typical of utilitarian billon issues. No specific engraver is recorded; the design reflects a Late Gothic aesthetic, focusing on heraldic devices. The obverse commonly features symbols of the dual authority, such as the cross potent of the Livonian Order and the shield of the Archbishopric of Riga, or their monograms. The reverse usually displays the mint mark (Riga), denomination, or date. Stylistic emphasis is on clear, simplified heraldry and legible lettering, prioritizing function over grandeur.

Technical/Grading: As a billon issue, this Pfennig often exhibits inherent technical limitations. Planchets are frequently irregular, and strikes can be weak or off-center due to manual coining, meaning full detail is seldom present. Key high-points—raised heraldic elements, cross ends, and lettering—are typically the first areas to show wear. Due to extensive circulation and billon's susceptibility to environmental factors, examples with sharp detail, minimal wear, or absence of surface corrosion are exceptional. Collectors should seek clear device definition and legible legends for optimal grading.