1 Pfennig - Frederick II

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was itself a product of the 1680 partition of Saxe-Gotha following the death of Ernest the Pious, leaving seven sons to carve up a duchy already too small to comfortably sustain one court. Frederick II ruled from 1691 until his death in 1732, navigating the perpetual financial strain of a minor Ernestine state with limited tax base and recurring obligations to the Empire. Small copper pfennig issues like this one were struck primarily to address chronic shortages of the lowest denominations — silver was reserved, copper filled the gap.