1 Pfennig - Bernhard von Spanheim

Bernhard von Spanheim ruled Carinthia for over five decades, one of the longest ducal reigns of the medieval German territories. His coinage reflects the fragmented minting authority of 13th-century Carinthia, where ducal pfennigs circulated alongside episcopal issues with no unified monetary policy across the region. The Spanheim dynasty had held Carinthia since 1122, and Bernhard was its last duke — the line dying out with him in 1256, after which the duchy passed through dispute before Habsburg absorption.

CNA Cb 18 places this piece within a closely grouped bracteate-influenced regional tradition. Attribution to Bernhard specifically, rather than earlier Spanheim dukes, rests primarily on die typology and stratigraphic hoard evidence.