1 Peseta Villanueva la Roja

Villanueva la Roja is a small municipality in the province of Salamanca, and like hundreds of Spanish towns during the Civil War, its municipal council issued emergency paper fractional currency when coins vanished from circulation almost overnight in mid-1936. These local notes — collectively called billetes locales or moneda de necesidad — were produced under no central authority, often on whatever paper and printing equipment was locally available, with a handstamp serving as the sole authentication mechanism.

Survival rates for issues from minor Castilian municipalities are extremely uneven. Many were redeemed locally and destroyed; others simply circulated into illegibility.