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1 Penny - Robert I
| Uitgever | Scotland |
|---|---|
| Jaar | 1319-1329 |
| Type | Log in om details te zien |
| Waarde | Log in om details te zien |
| Valuta | Log in om details te zien |
| Samenstelling | Log in om details te zien |
| Gewicht | Log in om details te zien |
| Diameter | 19 mm |
| Dikte | Log in om details te zien |
| Vorm | Log in om details te zien |
| Techniek | Log in om details te zien |
| Oriëntatie | Log in om details te zien |
| Graveur(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| In omloop tot | Log in om details te zien |
| Referentie(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| Beschrijving voorzijde | Log in om details te zien |
|---|---|
| Schrift voorzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift voorzijde | : ROBERTVS : DEI : GRA : (Translation: Robert, by the Grace of God) |
| Beschrijving keerzijde | Long cross extending to the coin's edge divides the field into four quarters, each containing a five-pointed mullet (star) rendered in punched relief, the central hub of each mullet pierced. A beaded inner circle intersects the cross, creating an inner and outer zone, with the reverse legend distributed across the outer field. The bold, plain cross design follows the standard type of late medieval Scottish pennies and served as a functional guide for clipping detection. |
| Schrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Rand | Log in om details te zien |
| Muntplaats | Log in om details te zien |
| Oplage | Log in om details te zien |
| Aanvullende informatie |
Robert I secured papal recognition of Scottish sovereignty in 1328 through the Declaration of Arbroath's diplomatic aftermath, but his coinage had been asserting that claim in metal for years before the Church relented. Striking pennies in his own name was a deliberate act — Bruce had no legitimate mint infrastructure at his accession and spent years rebuilding one while simultaneously fighting the English.
Spink 5076 corresponds to the later phase of his penny production, after Edinburgh and Berwick were sufficiently under Scottish control to support regular output. Dies from this period show considerable variation, a predictable consequence of working with limited engravers under intermittent political pressure.