1 Penny - Edward II class 14

Class 14 pennies occupy a narrow window of Edward II's troubled reign, struck as baronial opposition to the king — and to his favorite Piers Gaveston, executed in 1312 — continued to destabilize royal authority. The class system for Edward II pennies was established by scholars working from subtle die-link evidence and lettering style, not from any contemporary mint documentation; classification boundaries for this reign remain contested among specialists, and North and Spink do not always agree on precise class breaks.

Spink 1460 / North 1065 places this issue among pennies produced at London and several provincial mints, though output was declining sharply as the crown's financial position deteriorated ahead of the Bannockburn disaster of 1314 and its economic aftermath.